Tugas Softskill bulan ke-3

Tugas softskill bulan ke – 3
Exercise 35 : Passive Voice
1.  The president is called by somebody everyday.
2.   The other members is being called by John.
3.   Mr. Watson will be called by somebody tonight.
4.  Considerable damage has been caused by the fire.
5. The supplies should be bought by teacher for this class.

Exercise 36: Causative Verbs (Page 135)
1. To leave
2.  Repaired
3. To type
4. To call
5. Painted
6. To write
7. To lie
8. Sent
9. Cut
10.Sign
11. Leave
12. Washed
13. Fixed
14. Published
15. Find


 Pengertian Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice   
S + Auxiliary verb +  past participle


Catatan:
•    Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
•    Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.
•    Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct object).
Contoh:
She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)
•    Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular maupun irregular.
Contoh:
play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
Komponen    Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Subject    be    PP   
I    am    paid    I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipe    is    used    The red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoes    are    washed    All of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milk    are    consumed    Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries.
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the book    was    edited    The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the books    were    edited    The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

Passive Verb Formation
The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."
Tense    Subject    Auxiliary    Past
Participle
        Singular    Plural   
Present     The car/cars     is     are     designed.
Present perfect    The car/cars     has been     have been     designed.
Past     The car/cars     was     were     designed.
Past perfect     The car/cars     had been     had been     designed.
Future     The car/cars     will be     will be     designed.
Future perfect     The car/cars     will have been     will have been     designed.
Present progressive     The car/cars     is being     are being     designed.
Past progressive     The car/cars     was being     were being     designed.
               
A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active    Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive    An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive    Jorge was given an A.
   
Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:
resemble     look like     equal     agree with
mean     contain     hold     comprise
lack     suit     fit     become
Verbals in Passive Structures
Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).
•    Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
•    Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
•    Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.
The same is true of passive gerunds.
•    Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
•    Object: I really don't like being lectured to by my boss.
•    Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.
With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase.
•    [Having been] designed for off-road performance, the Pathseeker does not always behave well on paved highways.

Refrensi :  http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-passive-voice
                  http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm